English Grammar

Adjective	Adjektiv	Infinitive marker	Infinitivsmerke
Adverb	Adverb	-ing participle	Presens partisipp
Adverbial	Adverbial	Interrogative sentence	Spørresetning
Antecedent	Korrelat	Intransitive verb	Intransitivt verb
Anticipatory object	Foreløpig object	Inversion	Omvendt ordstilling
Anticipatory subject	Foreløpig subject	Irregular verb	Uregelmessig verb
Antonym	Antonym (mots.bet.)	Lexical words	Innholdsord
Article	Artikkel	Main clause	Hovedsetning
Attributive	Attributiv	Main verb	Hovedverb
Auxiliary	Hjelpeverb	Modal auxiliary	Modalt hjelpeverb
Case	Kasus	Morpheme	Morfem
Clause	Setning	Morphology	Morfologi
Clause element	Setningsledd	Negator	Nektingsledd
Coherence	Koherens	Nominalized adjective	Substantivert adjektiv
Collective noun	Subst. /kollektiv bet.	Non-restrictive relative clause	Unødvendig relativsetning
Common noun	Felles navn	Notional subject	Egentlig subjekt
Comparative	Komparativ	Noun	Substantiv
Comparison	Komparasjon	Numeral	Tallord
Complex sentence	Helsetn. + leddsetn.	Object complement	Objectspredikativ
Compound noun	Sammensatt substantiv	Oblique object	Preposisjonsobject
Concord	Samsvar (subj. – verbal)	Passive voice	Passiv
Conditional clause	Betingelsessetning	Past participle	Perfektum partisipp
Conjunct	Bindeadverbial	Personal pronoun	Personlig pronomen
Connector	Bindeord	Phrase	Frase
Co-ordinating conjunction	Sideordnende konjunksjon	Possessive pronoun	Eiendomspronomen
Copular verb	Uselvstending verb	Pragmatics	Pragmatikk
Countable	Tellelig	Prescriptive grammar	Normativ grammatikk
Declarative sentence	Fortellende setning	Present tense	Presens
Definite article	Bestemt artikkel	Proper noun	Egennavn
Demonstrative pronoun	Påpekende pronomen	Recipient	Mottaker (semantisk)
Descriptive grammar	Deskriprive grammatikk	Reflexive pronoun	Refleksivt pronomen
Determiner	Bestemmelsesord	Restrictive relative clause	Nødvendig relativ setning
Direct object	Direkte object	Speech act	Talehandling
Do-insertion/ Do-periphrasis	Omskrivning med to do	Simple sentence	Helsetning (uten leddsetning)
Empty it	’det’ som formelt subjekt	Stative verb	Statisk verb
Exclamation	Utrop	Subject	Subjekt
False friends	Lik form – ulik betydning	Subject complement	Subjektspredikativ
Function word	Funksjonsord	Subjunctive	Konjunktiv
Gender	Kjønn	Subordinate clause	Leddsetning
Genitive	Genitiv	Subordinating conjunction	Underordnende konjunksj.
Head	Kjerne (i en frase)	Superlative	Superlativ
Imperative	Imperativ	Synonym	Synonym
Indefinite article	Ubestemt artikkel	Tag question	Halespørsmål
Indefinite pronoun	Ubestemt pronomen	Tense	Verbtid
Indirect object	Indirekte objekt	Uncountable	utellelig

PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR Normativ grammatikk	DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR Deskriptive grammatikk
Rules about how language should be spoken or written – the ideal state. Advice on how to speak and write good English.Concerned with right or wrong – ways of saying things.Conservative in nature; does not welcome new ideas, but changes and develops.	Description of how language is used in speech and writing by native speakers.Observes linguistic changes – does not try to stop them.

TERMINOLOGY
Phonology	Lydlære
Phoneme	Vowels and consonants (/b/, /e/, /d/, /i/)
Morphology	Formlære
Morpheme	The minimum unit of meaning:((bed) + (s),Prefix +Stem+ Suffix: (un)+(friend)+(ly)
Syntax	Setningslære
Semantics	Betydningslære – sentences and words can have different meanings.
Pragmatics	The nature and intention behind a speech act / rules that must be followed to achieve successful interpersonal communication: body language, intonation etc. You can say one thing and mean the opposite…

FUNCTION WORDS Funksjonsord Closed classes, occur frequently, grammatical words: have little meaning, short and simple.
Determiners	Indefinit article: (a-n) – bestemt artikkelDefinite article: (The) – ubestemt Possessive determiner: (your, my , our)
Personal Pronouns			Subject:		Object:
Singular	1. person – speaker2. person – spoken to3. person – spoken about		IYouhe, she, it		MeYouhim, her, it
Plural	1. person2. person 3. person		WeYouThey		UsYouthem
Interrogative: (who, which, what) Possessive: (yours, mine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs) Relative: (who/whoever/which/that) Indefinite relative pronouns: whoever, whomever, whatever Reflexive: (myself, yourself, him- her- itself, our – your – themselves) Reciprocal: (each other, one another)
Prepositions	about above across after against around at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond	by down during except for from in inside into like near of off on out	outside over since through throughout till to toward under until up upon with without		according to because of by way of in addition to in front of in place of in regard to in spite of instead of on account of out of
Conjunctions	FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So
Negator	Not
Verbs	Auxiliary: (have, be) She is goingModal auxiliary: (will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need ) used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood, creates what are called verb phrases or verb strings: Next fall, I will have been studying for three years.

Modifiers

Basic Principle: Modifiers are like teenagers: they fall in love with whatever they’re next to. Make sure they’re next to something they ought to modify!

LEXICAL WORDS Innholdsord Open classes: new words can be coined, words that carry meaning, may be complex or compound.
Nouns	Is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea Nouns can be in the subjective, possessive, and objective case. Count nouns: You can touch them (car, book. flower) Mass nouns: Uncountable (water, air, energy) Abstract nouns: Not tangible (you can’t touch them)( warmth, justice, grief, peace) Collective nouns: are composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class, committee, herd) can be singular or plural, depending on context. Compound nouns: There are three forms of compound words: Closed form: (firefly) melted together. Open form: (post office) kept apart. Hyphenated form: (daughter-in-law) notice the preposition – sometimes an article, (master-at-arms), or (six-year-old)
Verb	Copular (linking verbs): often forms of the verb to be (å være) sometimes verbs related to the five senses (look, sound, smell, feel, taste) or reflect a state of being (appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, remain). Transitive: some verbs demand an object to complete their meaning: She gave money to the church. (buy …) What did you buy? Intransitive: do not require objects: (talk). A verb can be both transitive and intransitive: “The monster collapsed the building by sitting on it.”
Adjectives	Describe nouns, and appears usually between a determiner and a noun: a green apple They are words that describe or modify another person or thing in a sentence. The articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives (except when they are in front of nouns, then they are determiners or quantifiers: A tall professor, the six year old, a solid payment.
Adverbs	Words that modify: a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?) an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?) another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?) Will often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function.

SENTENCE A group of words containing a subject (the do-er or be-er) and predicative (the completer of the sentence). Simple predicative contains only one verb: She screamed. Combined predicative – two or more verbs: She screamed and kicked. Complete predicate consists of the verb and all accompanying modifiers and other words that receive the action or complete its meaning. A sentence: Consists one or more clauses One or more phrases A complete unit of meaning From capital letter to final stop.
Types of sentences	Statement: declarative sentence: (facts and feelings): I would like you to leave. Question: interrogative sentence: Would you please leave? Command: imperative sentence: (Contains no subject) Get out!
Phrase	A group of words which is part of a sentence and which usually add information.Any given phrase comprises (innebefatter) the – noun / preposition / adverb / verb or infinitive (obviously), and any associated modifiers: Noun phrase: a boy in my class Prepositional phrase: in the morning Adverbial phrase: late last night Verb phrase: may have gone Infinitive phrase: the first man to the moon
Clause	One or more phrases (setninger)Main clauseSubordinate clause (ledd setning)

SENTENCE ELEMENTS – AND HOW TO FIND THEM! Syntactic analysis
The Verbal	What is the act? We start finding the verb, or the verbs. There may also be a phrasal verb: He woke up at 7
The Subject	The do-er or be-er: Ask who/what + the verbThe subject may be: A noun: The man loves his wife. A proper noun: John loves his wife. A pronoun: He loves his wife. A noun + a relative clause: The man who is sitting between aunt Sarha and your mother loves his wife. A noun + complementation (utfyllinger): The man on the corner loves his wife. An infinitive clause: To roll stones can be dangerous. An –ing clause: Riding two horses at the same time is difficult. A sentence may have two subjects joined by coordination: The man on the corner and his son want to speak with you.
The Object	Direct object: ask the subject + the verb + who/what Proper noun: I know John Noun: I know the man Pronoun: I know him Noun + relative clause: I know the man who is sitting between Sarah and your mother Noun + complementation: I know the man on the corner Infinitive clause: I hate to get up early -ing clause: I don’t like being responsible. Several objects coordinated: I hate ice-cream, chocolate and chewing gum. Indirect objects, resemble direct objects in form: Ask to/for whom Noun, proper noun, pronoun: She gave John / the man / him money Noun + relative clause: She gave the boy who fell off his bike a helping hand. Oblique object: Sometimes the direct object in a sentence with both direct and indirect objects is realized as a prepositional phrase: She gave money to the man. And sometimes the oblique object cannot be rephrased as direct object: Can you post this letter for me? You cannot say: can you post me this letter?
The Predicative	Subject Predicative: describes the subject, there is identity between the subject and the subject predicative:Noun: John is a boy (an extremely nice) Proper noun: His name is Max. Adjective: She became famous. Object Predicative: has the same relationship as above: They call him Max. They made her famous.
The Adverbial	Are often said to provide the answers to questions such as how, where, when, why. The three most common are: Adverbial of time: He left … - at seven - every day -after the shower -now -before anyone could stop him Adverbial of place: The bus stop … - in London - just around the corner - at home -over there Adverbial of manner: He searched the room carefully She sings beautifully He went slowly up the stairs We gradually got used to it

	Singular	Plural
Simple tenses Indicate that an action is present, past or future relative to the speaker or writer.
PresentStem / 3rd person he/she/it + s
1st person	I walk/draw	we walk/draw
2nd person	you walk/draw	you walk/draw
3rd person	he/she/it walks/draws	they walk/draw
Past-ed
1st person	I walked/drew	we walked/drew
2nd person	you walked/drew	you walked/drew
3rd person	he/she/it walked/drew	they walked/drew
Futurewill /shall
1st person	I will walk/draw	we will walk/draw
2nd person	you will walk/draw	you will walk/draw
3rd person	he/she/it will walk/draw	they will walk/draw
Perfect tenses Indicate that an action was or will be completed before another time or action.
Present perfectHave -ed/ (strong verbs)
1st person	I have walked/drawn	we have walked/drawn
2nd person	you have walked/drawn	you have walked/drawn
3rd person	he/she/it has walked/drawn	they have walked/drawn
Past perfectHad -ed/ or (look out for strong verbs)
1st person	I had walked/drawn	we had walked/drawn
2nd person	you had walked/drawn	you had walked/drawn
3rd person	he/she/it had walked/drawn	they had walked/drawn
Future perfectWill have
1st person	I will have walked/drawn	we will have walked/drawn
2nd person	you will have walked/drawn	you will have walked/drawn
3rd person	he/she/it will have walked/drawn	they will have walked/drawn
Progressive tenses Indicate continuing action.
Present progressiveAm/are/is -ing
1st person	I am walking/drawing	we are walking/drawing
2nd person	you are walking/drawing	you are walking/drawing
3rd person	he/she/it is walking/drawing	they are walking/drawing
Past progressiveWas -ing
1st person	I was walking/drawing	we were walking/drawing
2nd person	you were walking/drawing	you were walking/drawing
3rd person	he/she/it was walking/drawing	they were walking/drawing
Future progressiveWill – ing
1st person	I will be walking/drawing	we will be walking/drawing
2nd person	you will be walking/drawing	you will be walking/drawing
3rd person	he/she/it will be walking/drawing	they will be walking/drawing
Present perfect progressiveHave been -ing
1st person	I have been walking/drawing	we have been walking/drawing
2nd person	you have been walking/drawing	you have been walking/drawing
3rd person	he/she/it has been walking/drawing	they have been walking/drawing
Past perfect progressiveHad been -ing
1st person	I had been walking/drawing	we had been walking/drawing
2nd person	you had been walking/drawing	you had been walking/drawing
3rd person	he/she/it had been walking/drawing	they had been walking/drawing
Future perfect progressiveWill been -ing
1st person	I will have been walking/drawing	we will have been walking/drawing
2nd person	you will have been walking/drawing	you will have been walking/drawing
3rd person	he/she/it will have been walking/drawing	they will have been walking/drawing